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dfiiversitY and SchsQl Extensisn. 



ELEMENTARY ZOOLOGY.— Course A. 



ALPHEUS HYATT, 

Curator, Boston Society of Natural History. 



1889. 



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Copyright, 

1889, 

By ALPHEUS HYATT. 



Press of J. J. Little & Co., ^, 
Astor Place, New York. 



Elementary Zoology— Course A. 

PART I. 

Descriptions in writing, with drawings and preserved prepara- 
tions of all of the following animals, using Colton's "Practical Zool- 
ogy," D. C. Heath & Co., Boston, as a guide. The " Introduction" 
to this work, pp. v. to xvi., gives full directions for doing the work, 
drawing, instruments needed, etc. 

The Grasshopper, Squash-bug, Beetle, Spider, Thousand-legs, 
Crayfish, Earthworm, Clam, Snail, Fish, Frog, Snake, Turtle, Pigeon, 
Rabbit, or a Rat. 

The above is intended as an introduction to the more minute 
work of the next, or second part of the Course, and the directions 
given immediately below, under Part II., must be observed in so far 
as they apply to methods. 

PART II. 

Description in writing, with drawings of the external characters 
and gross anatomy of the parts and organs of one or more of the ani- 
mals named in the list below. The animal or animals selected, if 
practicable, should be known to live in the immediate vicinity, and 
the mode of occurrence and habits should be studied by the students, 
both in the field and with the aid of books. The student himself 
should not only collect, but also study while collecting, so as to gaiii 
accurate ideas of how the animal lives and moves, the uses of its 
parts and organs, and its relations to other organisms in the same 



SCHOOL EXTENSION. 



locality, and to its inanimate surroundings. The object of this course 
is to introduce the student to good models and reliable guides for 
preliminary zoological work, and therefore only those subjects most 
likely to produce good results, if pursued without a teacher, and 
without knowledge of the use of the compound microscope, have 
been chosen. If the student select a domesticated animal, or one 
that he cannot study in the field, he will be required to take in addi- 
tion some allied species which occurs in his vicinity, and make 
himself familiar with its habits. Subjects included in brackets are to 
be studied together and in succession, as mentioned below. The 
drawings should be accurate, but should not be shaded, and artistic 
merit is not important. Every drawing should be lettered and fully 
described, and correspond with some particular preparation. When 
copied from books, or drawings made by others than the students, 
they will not be accepted. The student is also required not to 
finish them from memory, but on the spot, and then to leave them 
without any attempt at subsequent improvement, unless in presence 
of the same or a duplicate preparation. It will, however, be found 
essential for the student to practise drawing from memory, so that 
he may be able to illustrate examination papers. 

A series of his own preparations preserved in alcohol, strong 
brine, or Goadby's solution, will be demanded at examinations, and 
the student will be required to demonstrate his familiarity with these 
and his ability to draw them in outline. 

The following is the list from which selections may be made : 
Crayfish : Huxley and Martin's " Biology," by Howes & Scott ; 
ed. 1888, pp. 173-231. Macmillan, New York. 



ELEMENTARY ZOOLOGY. 5 

Lobster : Huxley and Martin, as above, and Hyatt's " Worms 
and Crustacea," Science Guides, No. VIH., pp. 17-47. D. C. Heath 
& Co., Boston. 

Crab: Brooks' Handbook of Invertebrate Zoology," pp. 168-185, 
190-206. S. E. Cassino, Boston. 

Earthworm : * Brooks, as above, pp. 140-159 ; Huxley and Mar- 
tin, as above, pp. 240-264 ; and Sedgwick and Wilson's *' Biology," 
pp. 186, 117-141. Henry Holt & Co., New York. 

Leech : Brooks, as above. 

Grasshopper : Brooks, as above, pp. 237-269, and Packard's 
" Zoology," pp. 307-329- 

Cockroach : Miall and Denny's " Struct, and Life Hist, of Cock- 
roach," Lovell, Reeve & Co., London, pp. 32, 35-47, S7-63, 68-70, are 
a few quotations from the descriptions of the gross anatomy, which 
will serve to guide the student in making selections from the text. 

Clam (fresh-water) :f Brooks, as above, pp. 269-311, or Huxley 
and Martin, as above, pp. 305-341. 

Clam (marine): Brooks, as ab'ove, pp. 269-311, and Hyatt's "Mol- 
lusca," as above. Science Guides, No. VL, pp. 37-43. 

Oyster : Brooks, as above, and Hyatt, as above, No. VI. 
pp. 5-36. 

* The worms are really difficult subjects, and should be selected only after a 
student has had some experience in the use of dissecting instruments and methods. 

f The care and judgment required in killing clams is a considerable part of the 
work, as it is in all soft-bodied animals, and the student must not be discouraged 
if he do not succeed in many of his first attempts. Only the closest observance of 
the directions given and the acquired experience of several failures will enable 
him to overcome all difficulties. 



SCHOOL EXTENSION. 



Starfish : Brooks, as above, pp. 56-72, and read also pp. 73-83, 
and verify as far as practicable the section drawn on p. 74. 

Sea-urchin : Brooks, as above, pp. 83-98, and for homologies, 
Hyatt's " Hydroids, Corals, and Echinoderms," Science Guides, No. 
v., pp. 23-39. 

Codfish, Haddock, or Pollock : Parker's " Zootomy," pp. 86-130. 
Macmillan. 

Cunner (marine), may be substituted for Codfish, etc., by using 
Packard's " Zoology," pp. 434-442. 

Lamprey : Parker, as above. 

Skate : Parker, as above. 

Frog : Huxley and Martin, as above, pp. 1-121. 

Lizard: Parker, as above, pp. 130-181. 

Snake may be substituted for Lizard by using Parker, as above, 
and also Packard's " Zoology," pp. 496-500. 

Terrapin : Martin and Moale's " Handbook of Vertebrate Dissec- 
tion," Pt. I. Macmillan. " How to Dissect a Chelonian," pp. 6-88. 

Any species of Turtle may be substituted for the Terrapin by 
using Packard's " Zoology " in connection with the above. 

Pigeon : Parker, as above, pp. 182-262, or Martin and Moale, as 
above, Pt. H. Macmillan, New York. 

Rabbit : Parker, as above, pp. 262-379. 

Rat : may be substituted for the Rabbit by using Martin and 
Moale, as above, Pt. HL, or Cat, Wilder and Gage, " Anatomical 
Technology." A. S. Barnes, New York. Chapters V.-IX. 



ELEMENTARY ZOOLOGY. 



PART III. 

A collection, or studies of allied forms of the same group as 
the animal selected for dissection, should also be undertaken 
wherever practicable, and excursions for these purposes should be 
frequently made. Suitable guides for collecting, etc., will be rec- 
ommended after subjects have been selected. A diary of these 
excursions and of observations made must be kept in such a form 
that it can be handed in at examinations. In case such work is not 
practicable, studies and observations in some museum or collection 
may be substituted, and in that case the work will have to be done 
by making drawings of the animals studied, and keeping a daily 
record of observations. 

Remarks. 

Parts I. and III. of this Course may be carried on together, or 
Parts II. and III., but not Parts I. and II., which should be taken 
in sequence. 

Instruments needed are as follows : Two or three dissecting 
knives of various sizes, those with pointed cutting-tips being the best ; 
two pairs scissors, one small and one medium size — the smallest should 
have bent blades, this form being better for general use ; a small 
German-silver blowpipe or glass tube, drawn out and bent with open 
tip ; a medicine-dropper of glass (the blowpipe will be found very 
useful in lifting delicate membranes, etc., and the dropper to clean 
specimens) ; a piece of pliable wire with rounded end ; two pairs of 
forceps, one small and one medium size ; several needles set into 



SCHOOL EXTENSION. 



wooden handles, to be used in tearing or separating minute parts. 
A common magnifier with three lenses, and for some dissections a 
jeweller's lens with a wire to fit the head, or a small dissecting micro- 
scope, will be found convenient. 

Almost all dissections are best performed under water, and the 
object should be stretched out and pinned down, in order to facili- 
tate examination and cutting. Any dish of appropriate size and 
depth can be used, and tablets for stretching can be made from 
sheet cork, which may be loaded with sheet lead. It is advisable to 
have several sizes of these sheets made to suit the dishes used, and 
they should all be coated above with paraffine or wax colored with 
lamp-black, so as to give a dark, smooth surface. 

Advice with regard to the best modes of treating animals can be 
found in Huxley and Martin's " Practical Biology," Parker's " Zoot- 
omy," Brooks' " Handbook of Invertebrate Zoology," and Wilder 
and Gage's ''Anatomical Technology." 

MICROSCOPE. 

Persons having the means are recommended to purchase a com- 
pound microscope and practise the use of this instrument in prepara- 
tion for more advanced studies in zoology. 

General directions and a knowledge of the instrument may be 
obtained from "How to Work with a Microscope," by Beale, 5th ed., 
Lindsay & Blakiston, Philadelphia ; " The Microscope and its Rev- 
elations," by Carpenter, 5th ed., Churchill, London ; " Naturalist's 
Assistant," by Kingsley, Cassino, Boston ; " Notes on Microscopical 
Methods," by Simon H. Gage, Andrus & Church, Ithaca, N. Y. A 



ELEMENTARY ZOOLOGY. 



Student's or laboratory microscope and four objectives — a three-inch, 
one-inch,* one-half -inch, and one-quarter-inch * — form an excellent 
equipment. It may be necessary or advisable in some cases to exer- 
cise economy, and then the student can get along with the objec- 
tives marked with a star, though, of course, this increases the diffi- 
culty of his work. 

Instruction in the manner of handling and preparing animals 
for the microscope may be obtained from " Microtomist's Vade 
Mecum," by Arthur BoUes Lee, London, J. & A. Churchill, 1885 ; 
" Methods of Research in Microscopical Anatomy," by Whitman ; 
" Naturalist's Assistant," and other books as mentioned above, and 
also "Anatomical Manipulation," Tulk & Henfrey, 1844, Van 
Voorst, London ; " Notes on Histological Methods," 1885-86, by 
Simon H. Gage, Andrus & Church, Ithaca, N. Y. A list of publica- 
tions on the use of the microscope is given in the " Histological 
Methods," by Gage, p, 50. 



Note. — A more advanced course will be prepared in case there is a demand on 
the part of students who have passed satisfactory examinations. 



